BullFrog is a relational DBMS that supports single-step schema migrations---even those that are backwards incompatible---without downtime, and without need for advanced warning. When a schema migration is submitted, BullFrog initiates a logical switch to the new schema, but physically migrates affected data lazily, as it is accessed by incoming transactions. BullFrog's internal concurrency control algorithms and data structures enable concurrent processing of schema migration operations with post-migration transactions, while ensuring exactly-once migration of all old data into the physical layout required by the new schema. BullFrog is implemented as an open source extension to PostgreSQL. Experiments using this prototype over a TPC-C based workload (supplemented to include schema migrations) show that BullFrog can achieve zero-downtime migration to non-trivial new schemas with near-invisible impact on transaction throughput and latency.

[ .pdf ]

@inproceedings{bhattacherjee21bullfrog,
  title = {BullFrog: Online Schema Evolution via Lazy Evaluation},
  author = {Souvik Bhattacherjee and Gang Liao and Michael Hicks and Daniel J. Abadi},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD)},
  year = 2021,
  month = jun
}

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